University Extension courses, before college clubs and other groups. The vast scope of the subject suggests temerity in one who attempts to treat it in such limited space. The writer realizes the inadequacy of the book and possible conflicting statements because of diverse authorities that have been consulted. After careful “siftings,” it is offered as an incentive to further study, as a roadmap to many paths of literary research. Biographical data and brief criticism of the authors’ works are followed by a bibliography which is suggestive rather than exhaustive. The writer of these chapters has been, in large measure, the recorder of research by many individuals and educational institutions, with personal deductions from wide reading. Among many books that have been stimulating are _Creative Spirits of the Nineteenth Century_ by Georg Brandes, _Studies from Ten Literatures_ by Ernest Boyd, books upon the drama and translations by John Garrett Underhill, Ludwig Lewisohn and Barrett H. Clark, and studies of Knut Hamsun by Josef Wiehr and Hanna Arstrup Larsen. Other specific books of interpretation are emphasized in text and footnotes, as well as in bibliography. Gratitude that defies fitting words would be here expressed to Miss Anna C. Reque of the Bureau of Information of the American-Scandinavian Foundation, to the Svenska Akademien Nobelinstitut of Stockholm, to Mrs. Velma Swanston Howard, Miss Svea Boson and Thekla E. Hodge for translations, to Mr. R. F. Sharp of the British Museum, to Eugen Diederichs Verlag in Jerla, to The Danish National Library, Copenhagen, to Prof. Josef Wiehr, Prof. Kuno Francke, Francis Rooney, Esq., to Mr. Theodore Sutro, Mr. Rupert Hughes, Miss Harriet C. Marble, and to librarians of the Widener Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Miss Grace W. Wood, Mrs. Helen Abbott Beals, and to librarians of the Widener Library, Cambridge, Library of Congress, New York Public Library, Free Public Library of Worcester and many other sources of encouragement and coöperation. Appreciation of permission to quote extracts from printed works and to use illustrations is acknowledged to Sir Edmund Gosse, Mr. Rudyard Kipling and his agents, A. P. Watt & Son, to editors of _The Atlantic Monthly_, _The Bookman_, _The Edinburgh Review_, and the publishing houses of American-Scandinavian Foundation, D. Appleton & Co., Boni & Liveright, The Century Co., Thomas Y. Crowell Company, Dodd, Mead & Company, Inc., Doubleday, Page & Company, Ginn and Company, Henry Holt and Company, Houghton Mifflin Company, B. W. Huebsch, Inc., Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., Little, Brown & Company, J. B. Lippincott Company, Longmans, Green & Co., The Macmillan Company, Oxford University Press, American Branch, The Pilgrim Press, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, Charles Scribner’s Sons, Thomas Seltzer, Inc., Leonard Scott Publication Company, Herman Struck, W. P. Trumbauer, The University of Pennsylvania and Yale University Press. ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE Worcester, Massachusetts, September, 1925 CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE vii CHAPTER I. ALFRED NOBEL: THE CONDITIONS OF HIS WILL AND LITERARY RESULTS 1 II. POETS OF FRANCE AND PROVENCE 21 Sully-Prudhomme (1901) 21 Frédéric Mistral (1904) 31 III. TWO GERMAN SCHOLARS 42 Theodor Mommsen (1902) 42 Rudolf Eucken (1908) 48 IV. BJÖRNSON: NORWEGIAN NOVELIST AND PLAYWRIGHT (1903) 58 V. GIOSUÈ CARDUCCI--ITALIAN POET (1906) 72 VI. THE WRITINGS OF RUDYARD KIPLING BEFORE AND AFTER THE AWARD (1907) 85 VII. SELMA LAGERLÖF--SWEDISH REALIST AND IDEALIST (1909) 104 VIII. PAUL HEYSE (1910)--GERHART HAUPTMANN (1912) 124 IX. MAETERLINCK--BELGIAN SYMBOLIST AND POET-PLAYWRIGHT (1911) 148 X. RABINDRANATH TAGORE--BENGALESE MYSTIC-POET (1913) 159 XI. ROMAIN ROLLAND AND _JEAN-CHRISTOPHE_ (1915) 175 XII. A GROUP OF WINNERS--NOVELISTS AND POETS 189 Verner Von Heidenstam (1916) 189 Henrik Pontoppidan (1917) 197 Karl Gjellerup (1917) 201 Carl Spitteler (1919) 205 XIII. KNUT HAMSUN AND HIS NOVELS OF NORWEGIAN LIFE...